Dados do Resumo

Título

Exploring the Incidence of Lung Cancer in São Paulo: Air Pollution, Smoking and Family History as Determining Factors

Introdução

Lung cancer is a relevant public health problem in Brazil, it stands out among the most common types of cancer. Smoking, family history and air pollution exposure are the main risk factors. This study aims to explore the city of São Paulo, indicating the regional distribution of the disease in order to help formulate effective prevention and control strategies.

Objetivo

The objective of this research is to analyze the regional distribution of lung cancer in São Paulo, focusing on the association between air pollution, smoking, and hereditary diseases. To assist the development of more effective prevention and control methods, the goal of the research is to identify incidence patterns and correlate them with risk factors.

Métodos

The research was executed based on a literature review of PubMed and SciELO’s databases. English descriptors were utilized such as “lung cancer”, “risk factors” and “Brazil”. The descriptors were combined in the following order: "lung cancer X risk factors", "lung cancer X Brazil", and "lung cancer X risk factors X Brazil". The selected articles are the ones that approached lung cancer incidence in Brazil, specially in the city of São Paulo, they explore the correlation between risk factors such as smoking, family history and air pollution exposure, and the prevalence of the disease. Data analysis was aimed at identifying regional and temporal patterns that could advise public health intervention strategies, focusing on prevention and early diagnosis in high vulnerability areas.

Resultados

Air pollution is associated with an increase in respiratory diseases in large urban centers, especially in children and the elderly, increasing mortality rates as shown by several studies. During the burning season in sugarcane-producing regions, there is an increase in demand for health services. Autopsies have revealed cellular damage in the lungs of residents of these polluted areas. A study of animals exposed to polluted air showed that 50% of the rats died after six months, with significant deterioration in respiratory health. Ecological and time-series models were used to measure the daily impact of pollutants, revealing patterns that link air pollution, mainly from fossil fuels and biomass, to harmful effects on urban populations. These studies reinforce how harmful the risk factors present in the air are to public health.

Conclusões

Despite the reduction in lung cancer in São Paulo, its prevalence is still high. Smoking is the main risk factor, but family history and exposure to pollutants also require preventive measures. The region's complexity and population diversity contribute to disparities in lung cancer incidence and stage between groups, highlighting the urgency of targeted measures, including studies focused on prevention and early diagnosis, especially in vulnerable areas.

Palavras Chave

Brazil; Risk factor; lung cancer